Nomadic Empire Notes in English Class 11 History Chapter-3 Book-Themes in World History
0Team Eklavyaजून 08, 2025
The nomadic empire was spread across two continents
1. Europe
2. Asia
Yayavar people were Ghumakkad , they were Mongols from Central Asia
They established a transcontinental empire in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries under the leadership of Genghis Khan
Their empire extended to Europe and Asia
They had established a strong military system under the leadership of Genghis Khan
The Mongols introduced an effective method of governance
In the early decades of the thirteenth century when Genghis Khan organized the Mongols .
A new political power emerged in the steppe region of Central Asia under the leadership of Genghis Khan
Due to this the great empires of Europe and the Asian continent felt a great threat .
Genghis Khan 's political foresight was not limited to just creating a federation of Mongol tribes, but he had a much more far-sighted vision .
It is said that he was commanded by God to rule the world .
Genghis Khan spent his life conquering the Mongol tribes and expanding the empire 's territory
Such as - the time spent leading war campaigns against Northern China , Turan , Afghanistan , Eastern Iran , Russian steppe regions ;
Later , the descendants of Genghis Khan went beyond this region and made Genghis Khan 's dream come true and created the largest empire in the world .
Following the ideals of Genghis Khan , his grandson , Mongke (1251-60) ,
Louis IX (1226-70) , king of France , was warned
Batu , another grandson of Genghis Khan , ravaged the Russian lands asfar as Moscow in his 1236–1241 campaigns
and conquered Poland and Hungary .
By the thirteenth century it seemed that the eternal sky was on the side of the Mongols .
Much of China , Central Asia , and Europe came to believe that
Genghis Khan 's conquest of the world is the wrath of God and it is the beginning of the Day of Doomsday .
Sources of information about nomadic society
Historical sources of Yayavar society
Travelogue -
Chronicle -
Works of urban writers -
Sources in Chinese languages :
Sources in Mongol languages -
Sources received in Arabic languages -
Social and political background of the Mongols
The Mongols were a body of diverse peoples .
They were related to each other by linguistic similarities with the Tatars , Khitans and Manchus in the east and with the Turkish tribes in the west .
They nomadized into the steppes of Central Asia ,which is now part of the modern state of Mongolia .
The scenery in this area was still very picturesqueand was surrounded by plains with the snowy peaks of the Altai mountains to the west .
The arid Gobi desert in the southwas irrigated by rivers like the Onon and the Selenga in the north and west and hundreds of springs flowing from the snow-capped mountains .
There were many grasslands for grazing the animals and abundant small game was available during favorable seasons .
Hunter - gatherer people live in the Siberian forests north of the habitat of pastoral tribes
They were poorer than the herdsmenand made their living by trading in the skins of animals caught in the summer .
The maximum and minimum temperatures of the region were found to differ greatly Harsh and long winter seasons were followed by short and dry summer periods .
Farming was possible here for a short time but the Mongols did not adopt it .
Thus ,the economy based on animal husbandry and hunting was not capable of supporting areas with large populations and so no cities developed in these areas .
The Mongols lived in tents. The Mongols moved with their animals from their winter homes to summer homes .
Charan used to go towards land .
Mongols had shortage of resources , some families were rich , rich families were very big , they had large number of animals and grazing land . Due to this they had many followers and they had more influence in local politics .
Natural calamities occurred here from timeto time and when hunting equipment and other stored materials got exhausted or when the grasslands dried up due to lack of rain , they had to wander in search of pastures .
During this period,there used to be fights among them . They also used to loot to get the animals . Most of the groups of families used to make friendship with more powerful and wealthy families to attack and protect themselves and used to form confederations . Such confederations were usually very small and short- lived .
The confederation formed by Genghis Khan together withthe Mongol and Turkish tribes was similar to the confederation formed by Attila in the fifth century .
The confederation created by Genghis Khan was more stable and continued even after his death . The army created by Genghis Khan was very powerful and was capable of fighting the armies of China , Iran and Europe .
Due to the severe depletion of resources inthe steppe region , Mongols and nomads from Central Asia had to go to the permanent residents of neighboring China for trade and barter .
The people of Yayavar society used to import agricultural products and iron goods from China and exported horses , furs and other hunting animals and sometimes they also used to loot .
Those societies which were settled permanently were weakened because the nomadic people used to loot and plunder . The Mongols disrupted agriculture and plundered the cities . The nomadic people used to loot and run away and thus they used to suffer very less losses .
Throughout history , China suffered a lot from these nomads during various periodsof rule . From the 8th century BC , Chinese rulers started building fortifications to protect their subjects . Which is today known as the ' Great Wall of China ' .
Genghis Khan
Genghis Khan 's childhood name was Temujin .
He was born in 1162 AD . occurred near the Onon River in the northern part of modern Mongolia around
Genghis Khan 's father 's name was Yesugel , who was the head of the Kiyait tribe .
It was a group of families and belonged to the Borjigid clan .
His father was murdered when he was young
His mother , Oelun - eke , raised Temujin and his full and half brothers .
In the 1170s , Temujin was kidnapped and enslaved , and his wife Borte was also abducted after their marriage , and he had to fight to rescue her .
Even during these years of adversity , Genghis Khan made many friends. Boghurchu was his first friend and always remained with him .His real brother Jamuka was also another trusted friend of his .
Temujin reestablished old relations with Tughril , aka Ong Khan , the ruler of the Keraite people and his father 's older brother .
Jamuka was his old friend but later he became his enemy .
Temujin was a friend of Ong Khan during the 1180s and 1190s and used this friendshipto defeat powerful rivals such as Jamukha . Temujin gained great confidence after defeating Jamukha
Now Genghis Khan went to war against other tribes . Genghis Khan then waged war in 1203 against his father 's assassins , the powerful Tatar Kairites and Ong Khan himself .
After decisively defeating the powerful Jamuka and Neman people in 1206 , Temujin emerged as the most influential figure in steppe - region politics .His reputation was recognized at an assembly of Mongol tribal chieftains ( Kuriltai ) and he was declared the Great Hero of the Mongols ( Qa'an/Great Khan ) with the title of Genghis Khan ' Sea Khan ' or ' Sovereign Ruler ' .
Genghis Khan builta strong disciplined army of Mongols Genghis Khan wanted to conquer China , which at the time was divided into three kingdoms .
The Yayavar clan repeatedly invaded China and looted
The Great Wall of China was built to prevent these attacks
The Mongols extended their empire to Amu Darya , Turan and Khwarizm
In front of the Mongol armies – the armies of Otrar , Bukhara , Samarkand , Balkh , Nishapur , Herat surrendered
The cities that opposed Genghis Khan were destroyed
Genghis Khan ordered the massacre after killing a Mongol prince
Genghis Khan attacked Russia , Afghanistan , Assam , Azerbaijan
Genghis Khan spent his life fighting and died in 1227
Military achievements of Genghis Khan
Skillful army
Archery Army
skilled horseman
Strong and disciplined military force
siege engines
Military operations
Strong and disciplined military force
Military operations
Influential strategy
Mongols after Genghis Khan
Mongol Empire after Genghis Khan 's death
1. First phase 1236-1242
Steppe regions of Russia -Buldhana , Kiev , Poland and Hungary
2. Second phase 1255-1300
Victory over China , Iran , Iraq and Syria
It became impossible for Mongol armies to continue their rapid military expeditions westward after the 1260s .
Vienna and Western Europe and Egypt remained under the Mongol armies .
But the Mongol army retreated from the Hungarian steppe region and was defeated by Egyptian forces .
After this , there were signs of the emergence of new political tendencies .
There were two major reasons for this
primary reason -
After Genghis Khan , the Mongol family had internal politics over succession .
When the first two generations of successors of Jochi and Ogodei united to establish control over the kingdom of the Great Khan .
It now became more important to protect these interests than to campaign in Europe .
Second reason-
This situation came to a head when the successors of Genghis Khan 's Toluvind branch of the dynasty weakened the Jochi and Ogodei dynasties .
Monke who was descended from Tolui, the youngest son of Genghis Khan
His coronation was followed by powerful campaigns into Iran in the 1250s .
But 1260 AD . During the decade Tolui 's descendants advanced their interests in China , at the same time troops and supplies were sent to the main parts of the Mongol Empire .
The Mongols then sent a small , inadequate force to confront the Egyptian army .
The Mongols ' defeat and the Tolui family 's growing interest in China halted their westward expansion .
Meanwhile , internal conflicts between the Jochi and Tolui clans on the Russian - Chinese border distracted the Jochi descendants from their potential European expeditions .
Social , political and military organisations
Among the Mongols and many other nomadic societies , every able-bodied adult member was armed .
When there was a need , these people used to form an armed force .
The unification of various Mongol tribes and subsequent campaigns against various peoples added new members to Genghis Khan 's army .
This turned their army , which used to be small , into a huge heterogeneous organization .
Genghis Khan divided ancient tribal groups and divided their members into new military units .
A person who tried to go out without taking permission from his authority was severely punished .
The largest unit of the army consisted of about ten thousand soldiers
In which people from many tribes and clans ( families ) were included .
Genghis Khanentrusted the responsibility of ruling his newly conquered people to his four sons
The new military units that operated under his four sons were called Noyans
The eldest son , Jochi , was assigned to rule the steppe region of Russia
The second son, Chaghatai , was given the steppe region of Turan and the northern region of the Pamir Mountains to rule .
Genghis Khan indicated that his third son , Ogodei , was declared the successor and given the title of Great Khan .
The fourth son , Toloy , ruled Mongolia
The conquered people had no attachment to their new nomadic rulers .
In the wars ofthe early thirteenth century , many towns were destroyed , agricultural land was lost , and trade was ruined
Thousands of people lost their lives , and many more were enslaved .
Its actual numbers are lost in a web of absolute facts .
From rich people to farmers , everyone had to face a lot of hardships .
