Meaning of Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy:
Anatomy is the study of the structure of the human body. In this, the structure and condition of bones, muscles, organs, cells and tissues are studied.
Physiology:
Physiology is the study of the functions of the human body. It understands how the body works and how it responds to different situations.
The importance of anatomy and physiology in exercise and sports
Helps in maintaining a healthy body:
If a person has knowledge of anatomy and physiology of human body then he can maintain his health.
Assistance in preparing training programmes:
Training plays a vital role in sports and development of a training program is not possible without knowing the body structure and functional capacity of an individual.
Improving performance:
Knowledge of the body's muscles, bones and energy systems can help athletes increase their strength, endurance and flexibility, leading to improved performance.
Prevention of injuries:
Knowledge of anatomy helps to identify weak areas, adopt correct exercise technique and prevent injuries like muscle strains, sprains and joint problems.
Optimization of physical fitness:
By understanding body functions such as the cardiovascular system and respiratory system, endurance and stamina can be increased, which are essential for sports performance.
Functions of the Skeletal System
- Body shaping: It gives a certain shape and structure to the body.
- Support and Support: Provides support to muscles and internal organs.
- Protection: It protects the brain, heart, lungs and other delicate organs.
- Help with movement: Muscles are attached to bones, enabling the body to move and move.
- Blood formation: Red blood cells are formed in the bone marrow.
- Mineral storage: It stores minerals like calcium and phosphorus, which are essential for the body.
Classification of bones
Long Bones:
Example: femur (thigh bone), humerus (arm bone)
Short Bones:
Example: Carpal (wrist of hand), Tarsus (wrist of foot)
Flat Bones:
Example: skull, ribs
Irregular Bones:
Example: Vertebrae (backbone), bones of skull
Sesamoid Bones:
These are small and round and are found inside the muscles.
Examples: kneecap (patella), some bones of the arms and legs.
Various joints of the body
Joints in the body are the places where two or more bones meet. Joints provide movement and flexibility to the body. They are mainly divided into three parts:
Immovable Joints:
- These joints join the bones firmly together and do not allow any movement.
- Example: Bones of the skull.
Slightly Movable Joints:
- These joints have limited range of motion and are partially movable.
- Example: Spinal cord (vertebral column).
Ball and Socket Joint:
- The bone can rotate in all directions.
- Example: Shoulder and hip.
Hinge Joint:
- It gives motion in forward and backward direction.
- Example: knee and elbow.
Pivot Joint:
- In this one bone can rotate around the other bone.
- Examples: neck
Gliding Joint:
- The bones can slide over each other easily.
- Example: wrist and ankle.
Properties and functions of muscles
"Muscle is a contractile tissue which, in conjunction with the skeletal system, is responsible for all types of movements."
Muscle properties
Excitability:
The ability of muscles to become active is called their excitability. If the excitability of a muscle is high, then its strength, speed and endurance are also high.
Contractibility:
The power to change the shape as a result of the action of stimulation is called contractility. Hence, when the muscle is stimulated, its shape changes.
Extensibility:
- The ability of a muscle to stretch or expand is called extensibility.
- Muscle fibers shorten during contraction, but during relaxation they can stretch beyond their normal length.
- If the muscles do not have this quality then movement in the body will not be possible.
Elasticity:
Elasticity is the ability of muscle fibers to return to their original shape after being stretched or expanded. If a muscle does not have the property of elasticity, then the muscle will remain in the same state after being stretched once.
Functions of Muscles
Mobility:
This is the main function of muscles because movement in the human body is possible only when muscles contract.
body shaping:
Muscles give shape to our bodies by moving the bones and organs.
Temperature Regulation
Muscles help in temperature regulation.
Protecting the organs:
Muscles cover many organs to protect them.
Supports the body:
Since skeletal muscles are attached to bones, they are always supporting the body in different positions.
Structure and function of the circulatory system and heart
- The circulatory system is an important system of the body that functions to transport blood, nutrients, oxygen and hormones to different parts of the body.
- This system also helps in removing unwanted waste materials from the body. The main organ of the circulatory system is the heart, which controls blood circulation.
- The circulatory system is made up of a number of arteries and veins.
The circulatory system has three major circuits:
- Pulmonary Circulation: The flow of blood between the heart and the lungs.
- Systemic Circulation: The flow of blood from the heart to the entire body.
- Coronary Circulation: Blood supply to the heart muscle.
Structure of the Heart:
- The heart is a hollow, muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body. It is located on the left side of the chest.
- The heart is mainly divided into four chambers.
- A septum divides it into left and right parts.
Each section is divided into two parts:
- Upper Chambers: These are called atrium (Left and Right Atrium).
- Lower Chambers: These are called ventricles (Left and Right Ventricles).
Functions of the circulatory system and heart
The heart is the most important and main organ of the circulatory system, and their functions are interconnected. The following are the major functions of the heart and circulatory system:
support the function of other organs and systems
- No organ and system can function without oxygen and blood.
- The circulatory system carries oxygen and blood to different parts of the body and helps them function.
Pumping of Blood:
- The heart contracts and pumps blood through the body continuously, and this continues without stopping throughout life.
- On an average, the human heart beats 72 times per minute, which is called heart rate.
Circulate the blood:
- The heart pumps blood and the circulatory system transports it throughout the body through three different circuits.
acting as the body's transportation system
The circulatory system serves as the body's transportation system.
It delivers oxygen and nutrients to the cells and removes unwanted waste materials.
supply more oxygen to active muscles
- When we perform physical activities, the active muscles require more oxygen.
- The circulatory system delivers more blood to the active muscles through capillaries.
Structure and Functions of Respiratory System
Respiratory System:
- The respiratory system is an important system of our body that provides oxygen to the body by obtaining it from the outside environment. It is a network of organs and tissues that helps us breathe.
Structure of Respiratory System:
- The respiratory system is made up of various organs and parts, which are as follows:
Mouth and Nose:
- This is the beginning of the respiratory system, which draws air into the body from the outside environment.
Sinuses:
- Nasal bones are hollow spaces that help regulate the humidity and temperature of our breath.
Pharynx :
- It acts as a bridge between the nose, mouth and windpipe (trachea) and facilitates the flow of air.
trachea
It is a tube 10-13 cm long which is connected to the pharynx and divides into bronchial tubes at the lower end.
Bronchial Tubes:
It joins the lower part of the trachea and enters the lungs, where it divides into two parts.
Lungs:
Lungs are the main organ of the respiratory system. There are two of them and they work to extract oxygen from the air and deliver it to the blood.
Bronchioles:
These are smaller branches of the bronchial tubes, which are located inside the lungs and carry air to the alveoli.
Alveoli:
These are tiny air sacs located in the lungs, where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place with the blood cells.
Diaphragm:
