Displacing Indigenous Peoples Short and Long Important Question Class 11 History Chapter-6 Book-Themes in World History

 

1. To which countries did immigration from Europe take place in the 18th century?

Answer:

In the 18th century, people from Europe began to settle in America (North, Central and South), South Africa, Australia and New Zealand.

These settlements were called "colonies".

2. What impact did European immigration have on the native people?

Answer:

• The arrival of the Europeans forced the natives to move away from their territories.

• Following the Europeans, Asians also started settling in the 19th and 20th centuries.

• Now Europeans and Asians are in majority in these countries, while the natives have become minority.

3. How were indigenous people portrayed in earlier history textbooks?

Answer:

• In history books, only the discoveries made by Europeans were given importance.

• The indigenous people were rarely mentioned and were portrayed as "the enemy."

4. What impact did anthologies and biographies have from the 1840s onwards?

Answer:

• Anthropologists began studying the natives in the 1840s.

• Since the 1960s, indigenous people have been encouraged to write their histories and tell their stories.

• Now the history and stories written by him can be read.

5. Which countries were involved in European imperialism?

Answer:

• After the seventeenth century the influence of Spain and Portugal declined.

• France, Holland and England increased trading activities and colonies in America, Africa and Asia.

6. What role did the British see in profit in establishing colonies?

Answer:

• In the beginning the aim of the British was only trade.

• By the 18th century the potential for profit prompted them to establish colonies.

7. How did the British rise from trade to power in South Asia?

Answer:

• Trading companies, such as the East India Company, gradually became political forces.

• Expanded his territory by defeating local rulers.

• Taxes were collected from landowners while continuing the old administrative system.

• Railways, mines and large plantations were built to expand trade.

8. When did European colonialism begin in Africa?

Answer:

• In the rest of Africa, with the exception of South Africa, Europeans were initially confined to the seacoasts.

• In the late 19th century they penetrated into the interior and made agreements to divide African colonies among themselves.

9. Who was called 'Settler'?

Answer:

• For Dutch immigrants to South Africa.

• For British immigrants to Ireland, New Zealand and Australia.

• For Europeans in America.

• English was the main language in these colonies, and in Canada, French was the official language alongside English.

10. Where did the natives of North America come from?

Answer:

• They reached North America from Asia via the land bridge across the Bering Straits about 30,000 years ago.

• Moved south during the ice age 10,000 years ago.

11. What was the lifestyle of the native inhabitants of North America?

Answer:

• They made a living by hunting and fishing.

• They would hunt bison (wild buffalo) but only as per necessity.

• There was no large-scale farming and no surplus production.

• There was no political system.

• Land was not considered property but a source of food and shelter.

12. What was initial contact with Europeans like?

Answer:

• In the seventeenth century, relations between European traders and the natives were friendly.

• European traders purchased local products in exchange for blankets, iron utensils, guns, and wine.

• Alcohol and tobacco were exchanged.

• Alcohol addiction weakened the natives and helped European traders impose their conditions.

13. How did the Europeans’ concept of ‘civilisation’ differ from that of the natives?

Answer:

• Europeans considered literacy, organised religion, and urban life to be 'civilised'.

• The natives lived in harmony with the forests and natural resources.

• Jean-Jacques Rousseau called them 'noble savages', free from the evils of civilisation.

14. What changes occurred in North America due to European settlement?

Answer:

• Land ownership became part of European settlement policy.

• The territories of the United States and Canada expanded, forcing the natives to retreat.

• The invention of barbed wire in 1873 increased security on farms.

• Slavery began and African slaves were brought in to work the fields.

15. What were 'Reservations'?

Answer:

• The natives were pushed westward and settled in small areas.

• These places were called 'Reservations'.

• If minerals (gold, oil) were found in these areas, they would be removed again.

16. What was the Gold Rush and what were its effects?

Answer:

• When gold was discovered in California (America) in 1840, thousands of Europeans arrived in America hoping to become rich.

• The discovery of gold led to the construction of railway lines.

• The Industrial Revolution caused America to become the world's leading industrial nation.

17. What was the objective of the 'Indian Reorganisation Act' of 1934?

Answer:

• Natives were given the right to purchase land on reservations and to take out loans.

• This was a significant improvement for the natives.

18. How did European colonisation take place in Australia?

Answer:

• The British first arrived in Australia in 1770.

• The early European settlers were exiled prisoners.

• The natives were evicted from their land.

• Multiculturalism was accepted in the 1970s.