Chapter 5
Secondary Activities
Secondary Activities
- Secondary activities increase the value of natural resources .
- By changing the form of raw material found in nature , it makes it valuable .
- Secondary actions increase the value of natural resources
- With the help of his skills , technology , capital and labour , man transforms raw material into product
Manufacturing
Manufacturing refers to the production of any commodity .
- from handicrafts to
- forging iron and steel
- making plastic toys ,
- assembling micro components of a computer
- All types of production like manufacturing of spacecraft etc. are considered to be under manufacturing .
Characteristics of the manufacturing process
- Use of power
- A mass production of this type of goods
- Specialized workers in factories that produce standard goods .
- Manufacturing may be carried out using modern power and machinery or by ancient means .
Industries based on size
1. Cottage industry
- Cottage industries are industries in which people , together with their family members , manufacture daily use items at their homes with the help of local raw materials .
Main feature of cottage industry
- This can be started from homes
- Capital and means of transport do not affect these industries
- Both raw material and market are available locally
- does not require heavy machinery
- only simple hand tools are used
- too high to start such an industry
- no amount is needed
Examples of cottage industries
- Candle Making
- Pickling
- Make it out of paper
- bamboo basket making
2. Small scale industries
- It is different from cottage industry
- Both the production techniques and manufacturing sites in these industries are different from the cottage industry
- In this industry , the manufacturing site is the factory outside the home
- Local raw materials are also used in this
- Semi - skilled labour and power driven machines are used in this industry .
- There are many employment opportunities in this industry
3. Large Scale Industries
- Large - scale industries differ from small - scale industries
- These require large markets , different types of raw materials , power tools , skilled workers , advanced technology , more production and more capital .
- This type of industry has developed in the last 200 years . Earlier , these industries were set up in Britain , America and Europe but today they are present in every part of the world .
industries based on raw materials
- Agriculture-based
- Mineral-based
- Chemical Based
- Forest-based
- Animal-based
1. Agro based industries
- Raw materials obtained from the farms are converted into finished goods through various processes and sent to rural and urban markets for sale .
- The major agro - based industries include food processing industries , sugar , pickles , fruit juices , beverages ( tea , coffee , cocoa ) , spices , oil , textiles ( cotton , silk , jute ) and rubber industries .
2. Mineral based industries
- Minerals are used as raw materials in these industries .
- Some industries use metallic minerals containing iron content such as iron and steel industry while some industries use non - ferrous metallic minerals such as aluminium , copper and jewellery industries .
- Non - metallic minerals are used in industries like cement , pottery etc.
3. Chemical based industries
- This type of industry uses naturally occurring chemical minerals
- For example – mineral oil ( petroleum ) is used in the petrochemical industry .
- Natural minerals are also used in salt and potash industries .
- Some chemical industries also depend on raw materials obtained from wood and coal .
4. Forest -based industries
- Many of the main and secondary produce from forests are used in industries as raw materials .
- Timber for the furniture industry , Wood for the paper industry ,
5. Animal based industries
- Leather and wool are the main raw materials obtained from animals .
- Leather for the leather industry and wool for the woolen textile industry are obtained from animals only .
- Teeth for the ivory industry are also obtained from elephants .
6. Ownership based industries
I). Public sector industries
- These industries are under the government
- These industries are managed by the government
- There are more such industries in socialist countries
II). Private sector industries
- Such industries are owned by a single person or company
- Such industries are run by private organizations
- Such industries are more prevalent in capitalist countries
- Tata , Birla , Reliance are its examples in India
III). United sector industries
- These industries are jointly run by the government and private companies
- HPCL and HPCL MITTAL ENERGY LIMITED are examples of this
Free enterprise
- Freelancers are located in a wide variety of locations
- They are not dependent on a specific raw material
- These industries depend on component parts which can be obtained from anywhere
- It produces less volume and requires less labour
- This industry does not spread pollution
The characteristics of modern large - scale manufacturing are :
1. Specialization of production methods/skills
- In the craft method, only a few goods are produced in the factory. Its cost is high. Whereas high production is related to the goods being made on a large scale in which every artisan continuously does the same type of work.
- Mechanization- Using machines to perform a task.
- Automation is an advanced stage of mechanization.
2. Technological innovation
- Technological innovation is an important aspect of controlling the quality of manufacturing, disposal of waste and fighting against pollution through research and development of technologies.
- Organisational structure and innovation- The characteristics of modern manufacturing are that it produces more goods with less effort and less cost through technology and division of labour. For large scale manufacturing, more capital, large organisation and administrative officers are also required.
3. Factors affecting the status of industries
- market access
- Accessibility to receipt of raw materials
- accessibility to labor supply
- Access to the means of power
- Access to transport and communication facilities
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