Physiology and Injuries in Sports Notes in English Class 12 Physical Education Chapter-7 Book-1

 

What are the components of physical fitness? 

• Power 

• resilience 

• tolerance 

• motion 

Tell me the functional factors that determine power? 

Muscle size - 

Larger and bulkier muscles produce more strength. Men have larger muscles, so they are stronger. Muscle size can be increased with the help of weight training.

body mass - 

• Heavier people are stronger than lighter people. 

• For example – weight lifters with higher body weight. 

Muscle structure - 

Muscles that have a higher percentage of (white) fast twitch fibers produce more force. While (red) slow twitch fibers cannot contract quickly, they have the ability to remain contracted for a long period of time. The percentage of these fibers is determined genetically.

The strength of the nerve impulse 

When a more intense nerve impulse from the central nervous system (CNS) stimulates a larger number of motor units, the muscle contracts with greater force and produces more force.

What are the functional factors that determine flexibility? 

muscular strength - 

• A minimum level of muscle strength is required. 

• In particular, one has to work against gravity and external forces.

Structure of joints- 

• There are many types of joints in the human body. 

• Some joints are inherently capable of a greater range of movements than others. 

• Example: The ball and socket joint of the shoulder has a much greater range of motion than the knee joint.

Internal environment - 

• The internal environment of a player also determines the player's flexibility. 

• Example- Staying in hot water for 10 minutes increases body temperature and flexibility. And staying outside in 10°C temperature decreases it. 

Injury - 

• Injury to connective tissue and muscles can cause swelling in the affected area. 

• Fibrous tissue is less elastic, and can reduce contraction of organs. 

• Which can cause a decrease in flexibility.

age - 

As age increases, the level of flexibility in the body starts decreasing but flexibility can be increased through training. 

Lifestyle - 

An active lifestyle increases flexibility but a passive lifestyle decreases flexibility 

What effect does exercise have on the muscular system?

• increased muscle temperature 

• Delayed muscle fatigue 

• increased blood flow 

• muscle hypertrophy 

• good muscle shape 

• Increase in muscle mass 

• Cut down on excess fat 

• Maintaining good and correct body posture 

• increase in nutrient reserves

• Balance, strength, co-ordination, speed, agility, reaction time, flexibility

• Improves muscle capacity

Explain the difference between white and red fibers?

Fast (white) fibers 

• Such fibers which are known for movement activities. 

• Such fibres which work (produce energy) even in the absence of oxygen. 

Slow (red) double filament 

• These are known for endurance exercises. 

• Such fibres which work (produce energy) only in the presence of oxygen.

Discuss sports injuries?

• Soft tissue injuries 

• hard tissue injuries 

• joint injuries 

• Bone injuries 

What are soft tissue injuries?

Injuries to the skin, muscles, and ligaments are called soft tissue injuries 

What is meant by dislocation of joints?

This is a joint injury in which the joined bones move out of their position  

What is a fracture? Explain its different types?

Injuries to bones are called fractures 

1. Raw bone marrow 

2. Multiple fractures 

3. Transverse fracture 

4. Oblique fracture 

5. Wedge fracture

1. Crude fracture – occurs in childhood due to softening of bones. 

2. Multiple fractures - a bone broken into more than two pieces. 

3. Transverse fracture- a bone broken at a right angle. 

4. Oblique fracture- bone broken at diagonal. 

5. Wedge fracture - After the bones break, their ends get pressed into each other.

Explain the physical changes that occur due to ageing? 

as old age sets in 

• There is a persistent and irreversible decrease in the efficiency of various bodily functions. 

• These changes usually begin after the age of 40.

Factors affecting the symptoms of old age

1. Heredity 

2. Environment- food, social and economic conditions, exercise

Physical changes due to aging

1. Decrease in muscular system, muscle strength and mass, 

2. Changes in the nervous system Loss of sensation such as ears, nose, sense of smell

3. Decrease in metabolism of digestive system, body structure, decrease in HCL acid, saliva, digestive enzymes and size of salivary glands. 

4. Skeletal system- decreased bone density Low bone density can result in osteoporosis which can lead to fractures