Human Development Important Short and Long Questions Class 12 Geography Chapter-3 Book-Fundamentals of Human Geography

 

Question – What is the difference between growth and development?

Answer -  

Growth

• Quantitative

• positive

• Negative

Developments 

• Qualitative

• positive

• Positive change in quality

Question –  What is meant by human development?

Answer - 

• Human development means increasing the options available to people 

• to improve their standard of living 

• It represents a qualitative change in a person's life

Question –  How has human development been described by Dr. Mehboob-ul-Haq? 

Answer -

• Evolution increases options for humans

• Human development brings meaningful improvements in life

• Development is transformational and its aim is to create conditions in which people can lead meaningful lives

Question –  Describe the four main pillars of human development?

Answer -

• Parity 

• Continuous nutrition  

• Productivity 

• Empowerment 

1. Equality

• Equality means every individual getting equal participation in the available opportunities. 

• The opportunities available to people should be equal without consideration of gender, race, religion and, in the Indian context, caste.

2. Continuous nourishment

• Continuous sustainability means continuity in the availability of opportunities. 

• For this it is necessary that every generation gets equal opportunities. Environmental, financial and human resources should be used keeping the future generations in mind. 

• Misuse of any of these resources will reduce opportunities for future generations.

3. Productivity

• Here the word productivity is used in the context of the productivity of human labour. 

• The productivity of human labour must be continuously improved by making people capable and competent. 

• Efforts to increase the knowledge of people and providing them better medical facilities will improve their efficiency. 

4. Empowerment 

• Empowerment means empowering economically and socially backward people. 

• Empowerment in every way. 

• So that they are free to choose the option.

Question –  What is meant by Human Development Index?

Answer -

• The Human Development Index (HDI) is a measure of

• By which different countries are ranked on the basis of health, education and access to resources

• This index can be anything between 0 and 1.

Question –  Explain the different approaches to human development?

Answer -

• income approach  

• welfare approach 

• minimum requirements approach 

• capability approach

1. Income Approach 

• This is the oldest approach to human development

• In this, human development is seen in relation to income. 

• The level of income reflects the level of freedom enjoyed by a person. 

• As the level of income is high, the level of human development will also be high.

2. Welfare Approach 

• This approach views human beings as the beneficiary or target of all developmental activities.

• This approach argues for higher government expenditure on education, health, social security and amenities.

• The government is responsible for increasing the levels of human development by maximum expenditure on welfare.

3. Minimum Requirements Approach 

• In this, six minimum needs were identified such as health, education, food, water supply, sanitation and housing.

• It ignores the question of human choices and emphasizes on the provision of basic needs. This approach was proposed by the International Labor Organization (ILO).

4. Capability approach

• This approach is associated with Prof. Amartya Sen.

• According to them, when a human has access to resources, his capabilities will be developed which will make human development possible.