Manufacturing Industries Notes in English Class 10 Geography Chapter 6 Book-Contemporary India
0Team Eklavyaअप्रैल 22, 2025
The production of goods in large quantities by converting raw material into valuable products is called manufacturing or product production.
People engaged in secondary work convert raw materials into refined goods.
Workers engaged in steel, car, textile, bakery and beverage related industries come under this category.
The economic progress of a country is measured by the development of manufacturing industries.
Importance of manufacturing
Manufacturing industries are considered the backbone of economic development, because manufacturing industries not only help in the modernization of agriculture but also reduce our dependence on agriculture by providing employment in secondary and tertiary services.
Industrial development in the country is a necessary condition for eliminating unemployment and poverty.
The public and joint sector industries in India were based on this idea.
The objective of setting up industries in tribal and backward areas was also to reduce regional disparities.
Export of manufactured goods increases commercial trade, which leads to earning of required foreign exchange.
Only those countries are developed which manufacture raw materials into different and more valuable finished goods.
India's development lies in diverse and rapid industrial development.
Agriculture and industry are not separate from each other, they complement each other.
For example, agriculture-based industries in India have encouraged increases in agricultural production.
These industries are dependent on agriculture for raw material and the farmers are dependent on the products manufactured by them like pumps for irrigation, fertilizers, insecticides, plastic pipes, machines and agricultural implements etc.
Therefore, the development and competition of the manufacturing industry has not only boosted agricultural production but has also enabled the production process.
Mineral based- iron and steel, cement, aluminium, machinery, tools and petrochemical industries.
Based on leading role
Basic Industries-on whose production or raw material other industries are dependent such as Iron and Steel, Copper Smelting and Aluminium Smelting Industries.
Consumer Industries- Those which produce goods for direct use by consumers like Chinese, toothpaste, paper, fans, sewing machines, etc.
On the basis of capital investment-
Small scale industry is defined in terms of maximum investment value on one unit of asset.
This investment limit keeps changing over time.
This is based on the maximum permissible investment.
This investment value has changed over time.
At present the maximum investment allowed is upto Rs 1 crore.
On the basis of ownership
Public sector industries managed by government agencies and run by the government like Bharat Heavy Electrical Limited (BHS) and Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL) etc.
Private sector industries are those industries which are owned by only one person. TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd., Dabur Industries etc.
Joint ventures such as industries which are run by the joint efforts of the state government and the private sector. Like Oil India Limited (OIL)
Cooperative industries whose ownership is in the hands of producers who supply raw material, workers or both. The pool of resources is joint and the division of profit and loss is also proportional, such as sugar industry of Maharashtra, coconut based industries of Kerala.
Based on quantity and weight of raw and finished materials
Heavy industries like iron and steel etc.
Light industries which use light raw materials to produce light finished goods such as electrical industries.
Agro-based industries
Cotton textiles, jute, silk, woollen textiles, sugar and vegetable oil etc. are based on the raw material obtained from agriculture.
clothing industry
The textile industry has its own importance in the Indian economy as it contributes significantly to the industrial production.
This is the only industry in the country which is complete and self-sufficient in the entire chain from raw material to highest added value product.
Cotton textile industry -
In ancient India, cotton textiles were made using hand spinning and handloom weaving techniques.
After the eighteenth century, power looms began to be used.
Our traditional industries suffered a lot during the colonial period as our industries could not compete with the machine-made textiles of England.
In the initial years, the cotton textile industry was confined to the cotton producing areas of Maharashtra and Gujarat.
Factors like availability of cotton, market, transportation, proximity to ports, labour, humid climate etc. promoted its localization.
This industry is closely related to agriculture and provides livelihood to the cultivators, cotton pickers, knotters, spinners, dyers, designers, packagers and stitchers.
Due to this industry, the demand for chemicals, dyes, mill stores, packaging materials and engineering industry increases and as a result these industries develop.
Spinning work is concentrated in Maharashtra, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu but weaving is highly decentralised giving traditional skills and designs of weaving in cotton, silk, zari embroidery etc.
Spinning output in India is world class but woven fabric is of low quality as it cannot make full use of the high quality yarn produced in the country.
Weaving work is done in hand weaving, electric weaving and mills.
Hand woven Khadi acts as a cottage industry providing large scale employment to the weavers in their homes.
The first successful cotton textile industry was set up in Mumbai in 1854.
Europe was involved in two world wars and India was under the rule of England.
In such a situation, the Indian cotton textile industry got encouragement to supply the demand of cloth in England.
Jute Industry
India is the largest producer of jute and jute made goods and also the second largest exporter after Bangladesh.
There were about 80 jute industries in India in the year 2010-11.
Most of these are located in a narrow belt 98 km long and 3 km wide on the banks of Hoogly river in West Bengal.
The first jute industry was set up in Rishra near Kolkata in 1855.
After the partition of the country in 1947, jute mills remained in India but three-fourths of the jute producing areas went to Bangladesh.
The following are the reasons for their location on the banks of the Hooghly River
Proximity to jute producing areas,
cheap water transport,
road,
A network of rail and water transport,
Helping in transporting raw materials to the mills,
Abundant water is required to process the raw jute,
West Bengal and the neighbouring state of Orissa,
Availability of cheap labour from Bihar and Uttar Pradesh,
Kolkata has the advantage of being a major urban centre with banking,
Insurance and providing port facilities for export of jute goods etc.
Sugar Industry
India ranks second in the world in sugar production but ranks first in the production of jaggery and sugar candy.
The raw material used in this industry is heavy and its sucrose content decreases during transportation.
Sugar mills are spread across the states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Punjab, Haryana and Madhya Pradesh.
60 percent of the sugar mills are in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
This industry is seasonal, hence suitable for the cooperative sector. In the last few years, the number of these mills has increased in the southern and western states, especially in Maharashtra.
The main reason for this is the high sucrose content in the sugarcane here.
Mineral-based industries
Those industries which use minerals and metals as raw materials are called mineral based industries.
Iron and Steel Industry
Iron and steel industry is a basic industry because all other heavy, light and medium industries depend on the machinery made by it.
Steel is required for the manufacture of a wide range of engineering goods, construction materials, defence, medical, telephone, scientific equipment and a variety of consumer goods.
The production and consumption of steel is often considered a measure of a country's development.
Iron and steel is a heavy industry as both the raw and finished materials used in it are heavy and bulky and require high transportation cost.
The ratio of iron ore, coking coal and limestone for this industry is about 4:2:1.
Some amount of manganese is also required to make the steel hard. Where should the steel industries be ideally located? Remember that efficient transportation is also required to transport the manufactured goods to the market and consumers.
In India, most of the iron and steel industries are concentrated in the Chhotanagpur plateau region.
This region has relatively favourable conditions for the development of this industry.
These include low cost of iron ore, proximity to high quality raw materials, cheap labour and huge potential demand in the local market.
Aluminium Smelting
Aluminium smelting is the second most important metal refining industry in India.
It is lightweight, rust resistant, a good conductor of heat, flexible and can be made harder by mixing with other metals.
It is used in making aeroplanes, utensils and wires.
Its importance in many industries has increased due to its use as an alternative to steel, copper, zinc and lead.
Aluminium smelting plants are located in the states of Odisha, West Bengal, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu.
Bauxite is used as raw material in smelters.
There are two important requirements for setting up this industry – regular supply of energy and availability of raw material at low price.
chemical industry
The chemical industry in India is developing and expanding rapidly.
Its contribution to GDP is about 3 percent.
This industry is the third largest in Asia and 12th in the world in terms of size.
It includes both small and large manufacturing units.
Sharp growth has been recorded in both inorganic and organic sectors.
Inorganic chemicals include sulphuric acid, nitric acid, alkali, glass, soap, purifiers or detergents, chemicals used in paper and caustic soda etc.
Organic chemicals include petrochemicals which are used in the manufacture of synthetic textiles, synthetic rubber, plastics, dyes, medicines, pharmaceutical chemicals. These industries are located near oil refineries or petrochemical plants.
The chemical industry itself is also a big consumer.
Basic chemicals are used through a process to produce other chemicals that are used for industrial applications, agriculture, or consumer markets.
Fertilizer Industry
The fertilizer industry focuses on nitrogenous fertilizers, phosphatic fertilizers (DAP) and ammonium phosphate and complex fertilizers which contain the three main nutrient fertilizers nitrogen, phosphate and potash.
After the Green Revolution, this industry spread to many other parts of the country.
The states of Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Kerala produce about 50 per cent of the total fertilizer production.
Other important producing states are Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Rajasthan, Bihar, Maharashtra, Assam, West Bengal, Goa, Delhi, Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka.
Cement Industry
Cement is essential for construction work such as houses, factories, bridges, roads, airports, dams and other commercial establishments.
This industry requires heavy and coarse raw materials like limestone, silica and gypsum.
Apart from rail transport, coal and electrical energy are also required for it.
The first cement industry was set up in Chennai in 1904.
This industry expanded after independence.
automobile industry
Motor vehicles are a means of fast transportation of passengers and goods.
Trucks, buses, cars, motorcycles, scooters, three-wheelers and multi-purpose vehicles are manufactured at various centres in India.
After liberalisation, the market and demand for new and modern model vehicles has increased, leading to tremendous growth in the industry especially in cars, two-wheelers and three-wheelers.
These industries are located around Delhi, Gurgaon, Mumbai, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow, Indore, Hyderabad, Jamshedpur and Bengaluru.
Information Technology and Electronics Industry
Transistors, televisions, telephones, cellular telecom, telephone exchanges, radars, computers and equipment useful for the telecommunications industry are manufactured in this industry.
Bangalore has emerged as the electronics capital of India.
Other important production centres of electronic goods are Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata and Lucknow.
The highest concentration of this industry is in Bengaluru, Noida, Mumbai, Chennai, Hyderabad and Pune.
The success of the information technology industry in India is due to the continuous development of hardware and software.
Industrial Pollution and Environmental Degradation
Industries play an important role in the growth and development of the Indian economy
The increasing pollution of land, air, water and environment due to these cannot be denied.
Industries are responsible for four types of pollution
Air
Water
land
Sound.
Air Pollution
The presence of unwanted gases like sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide in excessive proportions causes air pollution.
Particulate matter suspended in the air includes both solid and liquid particles such as dust, spray, fog and smoke.
Chemical and paper industries, brick kilns, oil refineries, smelting industries, fossil fuel burning and factories large and small emit smoke in violation of pollution rules.
Leakage of toxic gases can have very dangerous and far reaching consequences.
Air pollution adversely affects human health, animals, plants, buildings and the entire environment.
water pollution
Water pollution spreads due to release of organic and inorganic waste materials into the river by industries.
The major factors of water pollution are paper, pulp, chemical, textile and dyeing industries, oil refineries, leather industry and electroplating industries which release dyes, detergents, acids, salts and heavy metals into the water.
The main waste materials in India include fly ash, phospho-gypsum and iron and steel impurities.
Thermal pollution-
When hot water from factories and thermal plants is released into rivers and ponds without cooling, thermal pollution occurs in the water.
Waste from nuclear power plants and nuclear weapon producing factories cause diseases like cancer, birth defects and premature delivery.
land pollution
Soil and water pollution are interrelated. Pile of debris especially glass, harmful chemicals, industrial effluents, packing, salts and garbage make the soil infertile.
These pollutants seep through the ground along with rainwater and reach underground water and pollute it too.
Noise Pollution -
Noise pollution not only increases depression and excitement but also hearing loss, heart rate, blood pressure and other physical ailments.
Unwanted sound is a source of excitement and mental anxiety.
Industrial and construction work, factory equipment, generators, wood sawmills, gas mechanics and power drills also produce a lot of noise.
Measures to prevent environmental degradation
Minimizing the use of water in various processes and reusing water by recycling it in two or more successive stages.
Rainwater harvesting to meet water requirements.
Purifying hot water and waste materials before releasing them into rivers and ponds.
Where the level of underground water is low, there should be legal restrictions on excessive extraction of water by industries.
To reduce suspended pollutants in the air, factories should have tall chimneys, electrostatic precipitators in chimneys, scrubber devices and devices for inertial separation of gaseous pollutants.
Smoke emission can be reduced by using oil and gas instead of coal in factories.
Machines and equipment can be used and silencers can be installed in generators.
Machinery should be used which is energy efficient and causes less noise pollution.
Along with the use of sound absorbing devices, noise control devices should also be worn on the ears.
