Lifelines Of National Economy Notes in English Class 10 Geography Chapter 7 Book-Contemporary India

 

• Transportation is required to move goods and services from places of supply to places of demand. 

• Some people are engaged in making it available. 

• People who transport the products to consumers are called traders. 

• The pace of development of a country depends not only on the production of goods and services but also on the ease of their movement from one place to another. 

• Therefore, efficient means of transportation are a prerequisite for rapid development.

Classification of transport 

1. Land Transport

• Road Transport 

• rail transport 

• line pipe 

2. Water transport

• inland water transport 

• sea ​​transport 

3. Air transport

• Domestic Airline Services 

• International airline service. 

• For a long time, trade and transportation facilities were limited to a limited area only. 

• With the development of science and technology, the influence of trade and transportation has increased. 

• Today, due to efficient and rapid transportation the world has turned into a big village. 

• This development of transportation has been possible only with the help of development of means of communication. 

• That is why transportation, communication and trade complement each other.

land transport

• India is the country with the second largest road network in the world, this road network is approximately 62.16 lakh km. 

• Road transport in India started before rail transport. 

• Road transport is more convenient than rail transport in construction and management. 

• Importance of road transport:

• The construction cost of roads is much less than that of railway lines.

• Roads can be built on relatively rough and fragmented terrain.

• Roads can be built even in steep slopes and hilly areas.

• Roads are economical in transporting relatively fewer people, short distances and less goods.

• It provides door-to-door services and the cost of loading and unloading is also relatively low.

• Road transport also serves as a link between other modes of transport such as roads connecting railway stations, air and sea ports. 

Division of roads in India  

Golden Quadrilateral Highway 

• The Government of India has started the 6-lane highways road project connecting Delhi-Kolkata, Chennai-Mumbai and Delhi. 

• Two corridors are proposed under this project, the first is the North-South corridor which connects Srinagar to Kanyakumari and the second is the East-West corridor which connects Silchar (Assam) and Porbandar (Gujarat). The main objective of this highway is to minimize the distance and transportation time between the mega cities of India. 

• This highway project is under the jurisdiction of National Highways Authority of India (NHAI).

National Highways-

• National Highways connect remote parts of the country. 

• These are the primary road systems. 

• Many major national highways extend from north to south and east to west directions.

State Highways 

• The roads connecting the state capitals to the district headquarters are called state highways. 

District Road 

• These roads connect various administrative centres of the district with the district headquarters.

Other roads 

• This category includes those roads which connect rural areas and villages to cities. 

• The development of these roads has received special encouragement under the 'Pradhan Mantri Gramin Sadak Pariyojana' 

• There are some special provisions in this project in which it is proposed to connect every village of the country to major cities through paved roads. 

Border Roads - 

• Border Roads Organisation is an authority under the Government of India which constructs and maintains roads in the border areas of the country. 

• This organisation was created in 1960 to develop roads of strategic importance in the northern and north-eastern regions. 

• The development of these roads has increased accessibility in inaccessible areas and has also helped in the economic development of these areas.

Highway Tunnel Atal Tunnel

• The world's longest highway tunnel, Atal Tunnel (9.02 km) has been built by Border Roads Organisation. 

• This tunnel connects Manali to Lahaul-Spiti valley throughout the year. 

• Earlier this valley remained isolated for about 6 months due to heavy snowfall. 

• This tunnel has been built with state-of-the-art facilities at an altitude of 3000 metres above mean sea level in the Pir Panjal range of the Himalayas. 

Division of roads based on the material used in road construction:

• Paved roads are made of cement, concrete and tar, hence these are all-weather roads. 

• Unpaved roads become unusable during the rainy season.

rail transport

• Rail transport in India is the main means of transportation of goods and passengers. 

• Rail transport is helpful in many works like business, travel, pilgrimages and long distance transportation of goods etc. 

• Apart from being a major mode of transportation, Indian Railways is also known as an important coordinator for more than 150 years. 

• Indian Railways is responsible for the rapid development of the country's economy, industries and agriculture.

• Indian Railways is the largest public sector authority in the country. 

• The country's first train ran between Mumbai and Thane in 1853, covering a distance of 34 km.

• Indian rail transport has been reorganised into 17 rail divisions.

• Geomorphological, economic and administrative factors are the main factors influencing the distribution of rail transport in the country. 

• The northern plains have been helpful in the development and growth of rail transport due to its vast flat land, dense population density, prosperous agriculture and abundant resources. 

• But there have been some obstacles in building bridges across the vast waterways of innumerable rivers. 

• In peninsular India, railways pass through rugged mountainous terrain, small hills and tunnels etc. 

• The Himalayan mountain region also creates unfavorable conditions for the construction of railway lines due to rare topography, sparse population and lack of economic opportunities. 

• It is difficult to construct railway lines in western Rajasthan, marshy areas of Gujarat, forest areas of Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha and Jharkhand. 

• It is possible to cross Sahyadri and its adjacent areas only through ghats or passes. 

• The development of the Konkan Railway along the western coast of India's important economic region a few years ago has facilitated the movement of passengers and goods. 

• Although, there are numerous problems here like landslides and sinking of railway tracks in some areas etc.

• Today rail transport has become more prominent than all other modes of transport in the national economy. 

Problems of Rail Transport :  

• Many passengers travel without tickets. 

• Problems like loss and theft of railway property have also not been completely eliminated. 

• Passengers stop the train unnecessarily by pulling the chain anywhere, causing huge losses to the Railways. 

line pipe

• Pipelines are a new mode of transportation. 

• Earlier, pipelines were used to supply water to cities and industries. 

• Today it is used to transport crude oil, petroleum products and natural gas derived from oil and gas fields to refineries, fertilizer factories and large thermal power plants. 

• Solids are converted into liquid state (slurry) and transported through pipelines. 

• The establishment of refineries located in remote interior areas like Barauni, Mathura, Panipat and gas based fertilizer factories has been possible only due to the network of pipelines. 

• The initial cost of laying the pipeline is high but its running cost is minimal. 

• There are almost no transport delays and losses involved.

There are three major networks of pipeline transport:

• The first is the 1,700-km long Hazira Vijaypur-Jagdishpur cross country gas pipeline, connecting Mumbai High and Bassein gas fields with various fertilizer, power and industrial complexes in western and northern India. 

• From the oil fields of Upper Assam to Kanpur (Uttar Pradesh) via Guwahati, Barauni and Allahabad,  one of its branches is from Barauni to Haldia via Rajbandh, the other is from Rajbandh to Mauri village and from Guwahati to Siliguri.

• From Salaya in Gujarat to Jalandhar in Punjab via Viramgaon, Mathura, Delhi and Sonipat. Its other branch connects Koyli near Vadodara to Chaknu and other places. 

water transport

• People of India have been travelling by sea since ancient times. 

• Its sailors have spread Indian culture and trade to distant and nearby areas. 

• Water transport is the cheapest mode of transport. 

• It is suitable for carrying heavy and bulky objects. 

• These are energy efficient and environment friendly modes of transportation. 

• India has 14,500 km of inland navigation waterways. The length of the waterways is 14,500 km. 

• In this, only 5,685 km. The route is covered by mechanized boats. 

National Waterways declared by the Government of India: 

• Navigable waterway number-1 Ganga waterway between Haldia and Allahabad which is 1620 km long 

• Navigable waterway number-2 891 km long Brahmaputra river waterway between Sadiya and Dhubri  

• Navigable waterway number-3 West-coast canal in Kerala (from Kottapuram to Kollam, Udyogmandal and Champakkara canals 205 km.) -  

• National Waterway-4 Kakinada & Puducherry Canal stretch along with exclusive stretch of Godavari & Krishna Rivers (1078 Km.)-  

• National Waterway-5 Matai River, Delta Channel of Mahanadi, Brahmani River and exclusive stretch of Brahmani River with East Coast Canal – (588 km.). 

• There are other inter-waterways on which transportation takes place including the Mandovi, Zuari and Kambarjua, Sundarbans, Barak, Kerala backwaters.

• Foreign trade is carried out through ports located on the Indian coast. 

• 95 percent of the country's trade (68 percent in monetary form) takes place through the seas.

Major Sea Ports

• India has 7,516.6 km long coastline with 12 major and 200 medium and small ports. 

Kandla Port 

• These major ports handle 95 percent of the country's foreign trade.

• This was done to fill the gap left by Karachi Port which had been included in Pakistan due to partition of the country and to reduce the trade pressure on Mumbai Port. 

• Kandla is also known as Deendayal Port. It is a tidal port. 

• It regulates the import-export of industrial and food grains of Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan and Gujarat.

mumbai port

• Mumbai is the largest port having natural open, wide and well-functioning harbour. 

• Keeping in mind the increased transportation capacity of Mumbai Port, Jawaharlal Nehru Port was developed in front of it which can also provide the facility of a cluster port to the entire region. 

• Marmagao Port is an important port of the country in terms of export of iron ore. 

• Half (50 percent) of the country's total iron ore exports are exported from here. 

New Mangalore Port

• New Mangalore Port located in Karnataka exports iron ore from the Kudremukh mines.

Cochin Port

• Farther south-west is the Kochi Port; it is a natural port located at the mouth of a lagoon.

Tuticorin Port

• Along the east coast is the Tuticorin Port at the south-eastern tip in Tamil Nadu. 

• It is a natural harbour and its background is also very rich. 

• This port handles the trade of various commodities from our neighbouring countries like Sri Lanka, Maldives etc. and coastal areas of India. 

Chennai Port 

• Chennai is the oldest artificial port of our country. 

• In terms of trade volume and goods loaded, it ranks second after Mumbai. 

Visakhapatnam Port 

• Visakhapatnam is a landlocked, deep and safe port. 

• Initially this port was developed as an iron ore exporter. 

Paradip Port

• Paradip Port located in Odisha mainly exports iron ore. 

Kolkata Port 

• Kolkata is an inland riverine port. 

• The port serves the large and rich backdrop of the Ganga-Brahmaputra Basin. 

• Being a tidal port and due to the sediment deposition in Hoogly, it has to be cleaned regularly. Haldia has been developed as a subsidiary port to reduce the increasing trade at Kolkata Port.

Air Transport

• Today air transport is the fastest, most comfortable and prestigious mode of transport. 

• Through this, very inaccessible places like high mountains, deserts, dense forests and long sea routes can be crossed easily. 

• In the absence of air transport, think of the North Eastern states of the country, where large rivers, dissected terrain, dense forests, frequent floods etc. are common. 

• Air travel has made it more accessible. 

• Pawan Hans Helicopters Limited provides helicopter services to the Oil and Natural Gas Commission in its offshore operations and in inaccessible and difficult to access terrain such as the North-Eastern States and interior areas of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand.

Flight project 

• UDAN (Ude Desh ka Aam Naagrik) is the first scheme of its kind globally, designed to boost the regional aviation market. 

• Regional Connectivity Scheme (RCS) UDAN was conceived by the Ministry of Civil Aviation to promote regional connectivity by making flying affordable for the common man. 

• The main idea of ​​the scheme is to encourage airlines to operate flights on regional and long-distance routes through enabling policies and incentives.

Communication Services

• Ever since man appeared on earth, he has used various means of communication. 

• The pace of change is rapid in modern times. 

• Long distance communication is very easy even when the message receiver or sender is immobile. 

• In private telecommunication and mass communication, Doordarshan, radio, newspaper groups, press and cinema, etc. are the main means of communication in the country. 

• India's postal communication system is the largest in the world. 

• It handles parcels, private correspondence and telegrams etc. 

• Cards and enveloped letters are considered first class mail and are delivered to various places by air. 

• Second class mail includes registered packets, books, newspapers and magazines. 

• These are delivered by surface mail and land and water transport are used for these. 

• To speed up postal communication in big cities and towns, six postal routes have been built recently. 

• These are known as Rajdhani Marg, Metro Channel, Green Channel, Business Channel, Heavy Channel and Document Channel.

• Mass communication, along with entertainment, makes people aware about many national programmes and policies. 

• This includes radio, television, newspapers, magazines, books and movies. 

• Akashvani (All India Radio) broadcasts a variety of programmes in national, regional and local languages ​​to different sections of people in different parts of the country. 

• Doordarshan is the national news and message medium of the country and one of the largest communication systems in the world. 

• It broadcasts entertaining, informative, and sports-related programmes for people of different age groups.

• Many newspapers and periodicals are published throughout the year in India. 

• Newspapers are published in about 100 languages ​​and dialects. 

• In our country, most of the newspapers are published in Hindi language and after this come English and Urdu newspapers. 

• India is also the largest producer of films in the world. 

• It produces short feature films, video feature films and short video films. 

• The Central Board of Film Certification has the authority to certify all Indian and foreign films.

International Trade

• The exchange of goods between individuals in states and countries is called trade. 

• The market is a place where this exchange takes place. 

• This trade between two countries is called international trade. 

• This can be done through sea, air and land routes. 

• Although local trade takes place in cities, towns and villages. 

• State level trade takes place between two or more states. 

• The progress of international trade of a country is an indicator of its economic prosperity. 

• That is why it is also called the economic barometer of the nation.

• All countries depend on international trade because the availability of resources is regional. 

• Import and export are components of trade. 

• The difference between imports and exports determines the trade balance of a country. 

• If the export value is more than the import value then it is called favourable trade balance. 

• On the contrary, more imports than exports is called unbalanced trade.

• India has trade relations with all geographical regions and all trade segments of the world. 

• The major items exported from India are gems and jewellery, chemicals and related products, and agriculture and related products. 

• Items imported into India include crude petroleum and products, gems and jewellery, base metals, machinery, agricultural and other products. 

• India has emerged as a software superpower at the international level and is earning huge foreign exchange through information technology.

tourism as a business

• The tourism industry in India has grown significantly over the last three decades. 

• More than 15 million people are directly engaged in the tourism industry. 

• Tourism promotes national unity and fosters local handicrafts and cultural enterprises. 

• At the international level it helps us to develop understanding of culture and heritage. 

• Foreign tourists come to India for heritage tourism, ecotourism, adventure tourism, cultural tourism, medical tourism and business tourism.

• There are immense possibilities of tourism in different parts of the country. 

• Efforts are being made to promote different types of tourism for the development of tourism industry.

Digital India 

• Digital India is a programme to prepare India for a knowledge-based transformation. 

• The main objective of the Digital India program is to understand the changes taking place in IT (Indian Talent) +IT (Information Technology)= IT (India Tommorow) and to bring about change by keeping technology at the center.