Environment and natural resources Important Short and Long Question Class 12 Political Science Chapter-6 Book-Contemporary World Politics

 

Question: Discuss about Rio Conference?

Answer -

• The Rio Summit was held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 1992.  

• UNO conference on environment and development 

• 170 countries participated in it 

• Thousands of voluntary organizations participated in this conference 

• Many multinational corporations were also involved in this

• It is also called Earth Summit 

Question: Tell any two results of Rio conference? 

Answer -

• global warming was discussed

• Discussed sustainable development  

Question –  What is meant by Agenda 21?

Answer -

• During the Rio conference, the method of sustainable development was discussed and it is known as Agenda 21.   

Question –  What is meant by Kyoto Protocol?

Answer -

• The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement 

• Under this, targets were set for industrial countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. 

• Such as carbon dioxide,  methane   , hydrochlorofluorocarbons 

Question:  Why were India and China initially exempted from the obligations of the Kyoto Protocol?

Answer -

• Because India and China's greenhouse gas emissions were much lower than those of developed countries 

Question -  What is meant by the world's common heritage?  How is it exploited and polluted?

Answer -

• Some parts and regions of the world are beyond the jurisdiction of any one country and are therefore managed jointly by the international community. 

• These are called global heritage or the world's common heritage 

• Example -   Atmosphere, outer space, Antarctica, sea surface etc. 

Exploitation and pollution

• Deforestation 

• population growth 

• Privatization 

• pollution of the environment

• higher emission of greenhouse gases

• reduction of cultivable land 

• ecosystem degradation   

Question –  What is meant by common but differentiated responsibilities? 

Answer -

• There is a difference in the attitude of countries of the Northern and Southern Hemisphere towards the environment 

• The developed countries of the Northern Hemisphere want to discuss the environment in the same condition in which it exists today 

• These countries want that every country should play an equal role in environmental protection 

• But the developing countries of the Southern Hemisphere want that if developed countries have caused more damage to the environment,  then the more developed countries should also compensate for that loss 

• Developing countries  are currently going through  the process of industrialization , no restrictions should be imposed on them

• For this reason, this principle   was proposed and accepted  in the 1992 Rio Conference and  was called common but differentiated responsibilities.

Question -   Who are the indigenous people? Describe their problems and rights?

Answer -

• Indigenous peoples are defined as descendants of people  who have lived in an existing country for a long time 

• Then people of another country's culture and ethnic origin   came here and made these people their slaves 

• The natives still live according to their culture and tradition 

• live their life in their own special way 

Problems and rights of indigenous people 

• Struggle for equality

• Struggle for development

• Indigenous people demand independent identity

• Demand for rights on indigenous place

• Demand to not destroy forests

• Demand not to interfere in their lives

Question:  Explain the reasons for concern about environment in global politics?

                        And 

Why are environmentalists concerned about the environment in contemporary politics?

Answer -

• arable land is decreasing 

• The pastures are running out of fodder 

• fish stocks are declining 

• water pollution is on the rise 

• water is running short 

• Global Warming 

• Lack of resources 

• food production is declining 

• There is no clean drinking water in developing countries 

• Forests are being cut down indiscriminately 

• Biodiversity is being lost greatly 

• there is a hole in the ozone layer

Question -  What are the main reasons for environmental pollution in the world?  How can it be protected? 

Answer -

The main causes of pollution are- 

• overexploitation of resources 

• Rapidly growing industrialisation 

• Forests are being cut down indiscriminately 

• Population growth 

• Excessive use of transport 

Protection - 

• Proper use of resources 

• Use of environmentally friendly technology 

• Conservation of forests 

• Population Control 

• awareness campaign 

Question:  What efforts has India made to reduce greenhouse gas emissions?

                            And 

How is the Indian Government playing a role in the global efforts to protect the environment? 

India has also contributed through various programs for environmental protection

• India joined the Kyoto Protocol in 2002 

• In the meeting of G-8 countries in 2005, emphasis was laid on reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by developed countries.

•  Use of clean fuel in vehicles under the National Auto-Fuel Policy.

• Energy Conservation Act was passed in 2001.

• The use of renewable energy was promoted in the Electricity Act 2003.

• A national mission on biodiesel is underway in India.

• India wants to build a consensus on protection of environment by all nations on the SAARC platform.

• The National Green Tribunal (NGT) was established in 2010 to protect and preserve the environment in India.

• India is the first country in the world to have a separate ministry for the development of renewable energy.