Drainage
- The flow of water in a certain direction is called runoff
drainage system
- A network of rivers that channel water in a certain direction is known as a runoff system
Drainage basin / river basin
- The area drained by rivers and tributaries is called river basin or drainage basin
catchment area
The specific area from which a river drains is called the catchment area of the river
catchment area
Major rivers
- river basin
- Ganges River Basin
small rivers
- Water tank
- Periyar Watershed
- The high ground separating two river valleys is called a watershed
drainage pattern
- The shape and condition of rivers are called drainage pattern
1. Basis of division of runoff system
1. Based on water immersion in sea
- Rivers draining into the Bay of Bengal
- Rivers discharging water into the Arabian Sea
2. Based on water supply
- major river basin
- Medium river valley
- Small river basin
3. Based on the type of origin
- Himalayan Drainage System
- peninsular drainage system
2. Based on water immersion in sea
1. Rivers draining the Bay of Bengal
- 77% of the water is discharged into the Bay of Bengal
1. Ganga
2. Brahmaputra
3. Mahanadi
4. Krishna etc.
2. Rivers discharging water into the Arabian Sea
- 23% of the water is discharged into the Arabian Sea
1. Indus
2. Narmada
3. Tapi
4. Mahi
5. Periyar etc
3. Water based on watershed
1. Major river basin
- whose drainage area is more than 20,000 square kilometers .
- Ganga , Brahmaputra , Krishna , Tapi , Narmada , Mahi , Pennar , Sabarmati , Barak
2. Middle river valley
- Whose drainage area is 2,000 to 20,000 square kilometers .
- Kalindi , Periyar , Meghna etc
3. Small river basins
- whose catchment area is less than 2,000 square kilometers .
- This includes many rivers flowing in areas of low rainfall .
Indian drainage system based on type of origin
1. Himalayan Drainage System
2. Peninsular Drainage System
1. Himalayan Drainage System
- The rivers here are perennial, as they depend on both snowmelt and rainfall. When they enter the plains, they create some topography. Such as flat valleys, lakes, flood plains, deltas at the mouth of the river, etc.
- The path of these rivers is winding, but in the plains they have a tendency to flow in a serpentine path and keep changing their path.
- Kosi River, called the Sorrow of Bihar, has been notorious for changing its course.
2. Development of Himalayan drainage system
- Over time , the Indo - Brahma river split into three main drainage systems
- Sindh and its five tributaries in the west , Ganga and its tributaries originating from the Himalayas in the middle , part of the Brahmaputra and its tributaries originating from the Himalayas in the east .
- The division was probably due to the uplift of the Potwar Plateau ( Delhi Ridge ) in the western part of the Himalayas during the Pleistocene period .
- This area became the watershed between the Indus and Ganges drainage systems .
1. Rivers of the Himalayan drainage system
1. Indus River Tantra
- In India , Indus flows in the state of Jammu and Kashmir .
- Area: 11 lakh 65 thousand square kilometers
- It covers an area of 3,21,289 sq . km in India . m . is.
- Total length 2,880 km . I
- Its length in India is 1,114 km.
- Origin The Bokhar Chu Glacier originates in the Kailash Mountain Range
- Passes between the Ladakh and Jaskar ranges .
- Many tributaries of the Indus River originate from the Himalayas , such as Shyok , Gilgit , Jaskar , Huja , Nubra , Shigar , Gasting and Drass .
- The river flows southward and receives the waters of Panchand near Methankot .
Panchanad
Jhelum
- Source: Originates from Verinag Falls situated in the Pir Panjal foothills.
- Flowing from Srinagar and Wular Lake, it passes through a narrow and deep gorge and enters Pakistan, where it meets the Chenab River near Jhang in Pakistan.
Chenab
- It is formed by the confluence of two rivers Chandra and Bhaga .
- These rivers meet at Tandi near Kelang in Himachal Pradesh .
- It is the largest tributary of Indus .
- This river flows for 1,180 km before entering Pakistan .
Ravi
- Originates from the west of Rohtang Pass in the Kullu Hills of Himachal Pradesh
- Before entering Pakistan, Sarai joins the Chenab River near Indus
Diameter
- It originates from Vyas Kund near Rohtang Pass .
- This river passes through the Kullu valley
- It enters the plains of Punjab where it joins the Sutlej River near Harike .
Sutlej
- It originates from Rakshasa Tal near Manasarovar
- It flows from Shipkila in the Himalayan mountain range and enters the plains of Punjab.
- It feeds the canal system of the Bhakra Nangal project.
Ganga River System
- Ganga is an important river from the point of view of both its basin and cultural importance.
- It originates from the Gangotri glacier near Gomukh in the Uttarkashi district of Uttarakhand state.
- The total length is 2,525 kilometres
- 110 km in Uttarakhand
- 1,450 km in Uttar Pradesh
- 445 km in Bihar
- 520 km in West Bengal
- The largest drainage system of India is
- Son is its main tributary on its right bank.
- Other important tributaries found on the left bank are Ramganga, Gandak, Ghaghra, Mahananda and Kosi.
Tributaries
- Yamuna River
- Gandak River
- Ghaghara River
- Koshi River
- Ramganga River
- दामोदर नदी
- Sharada and Sarayu rivers
- mahananda river
- Son River
Yamuna River