Development
- The word “Vikas” means “progress” or “advancement“
- Development is a social, economic, and cultural process that refers to improvements in various aspects of life of an individual, society, or nation.
- Its main objective is prosperity and improvement in the fields of education, health, industry, economy, and environment etc.
- This also includes social and human progress.
Development goals
Every class and person in society has different goals for development such as -
1. Landless rural laborers
- More working days and better wages
- local schools provide their children with the best education
- There is no social discrimination and one can become village leader.
2. Prosperous farmers of Punjab
Higher support prices for farmers for their produce
Higher family income through hard-working and cheap labor
Attempts to settle their children abroad
3. A girl from a rich family in the city
He wanted freedom like his brother
you can pursue your studies abroad
he can make his own decisions
4. A tribal from Narmada Ghati
- Government should make arrangements for their health and education
- They should not be evicted from their lands for a big dam
- Employment opportunities available throughout the year
In this way two things are clear.
1. First, people's development goals may differ.
2. Second, what is development for one may not be development for the other. It may even be destructive for the other.
Income and goals for development
It is important to have mixed goals for development because the goals of development are not only better income but also providing independent, safe and protected environment in life.
As :-
- Good facilities with enough time for the family.
- A good working environment
- have new opportunities to learn
- Even if the pay is low, it is a regular job that increases your sense of security and independence
- If women also get the opportunity and environment to do jobs or business, then their respect in the society also increases.
National Development
- National development involves increasing prosperity, equality and capability in the lives of all citizens.
- National development includes efforts in several areas such as economic growth, population development, prevention of climate change, improvement in education and health, protection of ecology and natural resources, and social justice.
- National development results in the establishment of prosperity and stability of the country, which enables it to provide comfortable living prospects to its citizens on the global stage.
What is the basis of development for any country?
- The income of countries is considered the most important characteristic for comparing their development.
- Countries with higher income are considered more developed than countries with lower income.
- More income means more of all the goods of human needs.
- goods are acquired with more income
- Therefore, higher income is considered an important goal.
What is the country's income?
- The income of a country is the income of all the residents of that country. From this, we get to know the total income of the country.
- However, total income is not the correct way to compare between countries because countries have different populations so we compare average income which is calculated by dividing the total income of a country by its total population.
- Average income is also called per capita income.
Classification of countries by per capita income
- According to the World Bank's World Development Report 2019, countries are classified by per capita income.
- Per capita income of US$49,300 per year or more is considered a rich or high-income country.
- Countries with per capita income of US$2500 per year or less are referred to as low-income countries.
- India falls in the middle income category of countries as its per capita income was only US$6700 per year in 2019.
Public facilities
- Public facilities are all the services and goods that the government or public institutions provide to the citizens. These include services available to people from every section of the society.
- Such as - education, health, transport, water resources, electricity, security and social security
- Even today many states in India are backward because the government has not been able to provide these basic facilities and in the states where these facilities are good, the level of development is good.
- Infant mortality rate is low in Kerala because basic facilities of health and education are available in adequate quantity here.
BMI (Body Mass Index)
A major and commonly used measurement is that which reflects the ratio of a person's weight and height.
B.M.I. Categories
1. Underweight: BMI is less than 18.5.
2. Normal weight: BMI is between 18.5 to 24.9.
3. Overweight: BMI is between 25 to 29.9.
4. Obesity: BMI is 30 or more.
Human Development Report
- Published annually by the Human Development Department of the World Bank, this report analyses the level of development of countries on the basis of various social, economic and cultural parameters.
- This report primarily focuses on the resources available and their access in an individual's life.
- In this, many parameters like education, health, income, quality of life and social security are evaluated.
sustainability of development
1. "Sustainability of development" refers to the process of development where the needs of the present generations are met without affecting the rights of future generations. That is, the process of development should be such that it maintains the balance of society, environment and economy in a sustainable manner.
2. Sustainability of development is essential for both renewable and non-renewable resources.
i. Renewable Resources: - These are those resources which are replenished by nature but if we use more than the replenishment then we will be overusing this resource
ii. Non-renewable:- These are those resources which will get exhausted after a few years of use and cannot be replenished.
Measurement of Human Development Index (HDI).
1. Health - Its basis is the life expectancy of a person. It shows how long and good the life of a person is.
2. Education - Its basis is primary education of 15 years or above as well as higher education of 25 years and above. What is the average level of education of people?
3. Income - Its basis is the per capita gross national income which tells us the average income of a person.
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